Four Modules of DBT

The Four Modules of DBT
 
DBT, or dialectical-behavioral therapy, is an evidenced-based treatment originally created by Marsha Linehan, Ph.D., for use in the treatment of patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD).  Those with BPD often experience intense mood swings, have challenging relationships, and engage in self-injurious behaviors.  Thus, the core modules of DBT were developed to center on skills to increase awareness to emotional experiences, cope with overwhelming emotions, tolerate unpleasant feelings and situations, and communicate with others in an effective way. 
 
Although DBT was originally used for treating BPD, these skills are truly applicable to anyone, as all humans, at some point, feel uncomfortable feelings, encounter challenging situations, and struggle in communicating with others.
 
Mindfulness
 
The first module of DBT, mindfulness, centers on increasing awareness to the present moment.  Mindfulness skills aim to increase the ability to be aware of what is going on in the present moment.  This means awareness of not only what is going on in the moment externally (what is happening around you), but also what is going on in the moment internally (what is happening inside of you).  Through being mindful of internal experiences, like thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations, we can gain awareness as to how these things effect our mood, behavior, and interactions.  Mindfulness skills are the foundation for the rest of the DBT modules. Skills taught in the core mindfulness module include:

• Three States of Mind – emotion mind, reasonable mind, wise mind
• Non-Judgment – sticking to the facts, moving away from all-or-nothing thinking (i.e. good/bad, ugly/pretty)
• One-mindfully – doing one thing at a time with attention and focus; not multitasking

 
Distress Tolerance
 
The second DBT module, distress tolerance, focuses on skills to increase resilience and manage emotions during stressful times.  So many of us (consciously or subconsciously) seek to “numb out” during difficult times, turning to substances or other unhealthy behaviors.  While these ways of “coping” may feel good in the moment, they are ultimately unhelpful.  Distress tolerance skills, sometimes referred to as “crisis survival skills” aren’t necessarily about taking away the feelings or the stressful situation, but more about increasing the capacity to navigate these experiences in an effective way. Skills taught in the distress tolerance module include:

• Self-Soothing with the Senses – finding things that are soothing to all of your five senses (touch, taste, sound, smell, sight)
• Radical Acceptance – choosing to see reality for what it is, without judgment
• IMPROVE the moment
  • Imagery – visualize a peaceful image
  • Meaning – find meaning in what you are feeling
  • Parenting Self – speak to yourself as you would a loved one, best friend, or loved animal
  • Relaxation – using things like progressive muscle relaxation or deep breathing
  • One Thing – partialize the problem and address one part at a time
  • Vacation – take a vacation from your thoughts through using a positive distraction (i.e. – a funny TV show or a good book)
  • Encouragement – remind yourself you won’t feel this way forever and you will survive this

 
Emotion Regulation
 
The third module of DBT, emotion regulation, teaches skills to promote increased understanding of the function of emotions, as well as the action urges that often accompany these emotions.  This module also provides ways to decrease the intensity of strong emotions, and approaches to “ride” an emotional wave, without having to take action.  Skills taught in the emotion regulation module include:

• Observe, Experience, Accept
  • Observe – note the feeling
  • Experience – feel the feeling; notice how it ebbs and flows in intensity
  • Accept – don’t judge your feeling; all feelings are valid
• Opposite Action – notice the action urge that comes with a feeling; identify if it is helpful or unhelpful; do the opposite if it is unhelpful (i.e. – You feel angry, your urge is scream and yell, you choose to journal your thoughts and feelings instead)

 
Interpersonal Effectiveness
 
The final DBT module, interpersonal effectiveness incorporates skills that look similar to those taught in some assertiveness or interpersonal problem-solving trainings.  These skills focus on identifying needs in relationships, learning when (and how) to say “no”, and dealing with interpersonal conflict. Each skill taught in this module shares a goal of maintaining respect, for oneself and for others.  The skills taught in the interpersonal effectiveness module include:  

• DEARMAN (for asking for what we want and for saying “no”)
  • Describe – what you want/what you are saying “no” to
  • Express – your feelings about the situation
  • Assert – by asking for what you want or saying no in a clear and concise way
  • Reinforce – by expressing appreciation to the other person
  • Mindful – maintain focus on the current situation; keep coming back to the present, even if the other person tries to change the subject
  • Appear confident – even if you feel nervous; make eye contact, speak at an audible volume, etc.
  • Negotiate – be willing to be flexible and compromise, if needed

 

• GIVE (for relationship effectiveness)
  • Gentle – be gentle, even when angry; no put downs or criticism
  • Interested – show others you are interested, practice active listening
  • Validate – reflect back what others are saying to validate you heard them
  • Easy manner – maintain awareness of your non-verbal communication (tone, body posture, etc.)

 

• FAST (Self-respect effectiveness)
  • Fair – sim for solutions that are mutually beneficial
  • Apologies – apologize when it is warranted (i.e. – if you have criticized or accused); don’t apologize for disagreeing
  • Stick to values – understand your values and don’t push them aside to appease others
  • Truthful – always strive for honesty when communicating with others